Inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison theorize about telephone devices that transmit images as well as sound. Bell's photophone used light to transmit sound and he wanted to advance his device for image sending. George Carey builds a rudimentary system with light-sensitive cells.
Sheldon Bidwell experiments with his telephotography that was similar to Bell's photophone. Paul Nipkow sends images over wires using a rotating metal disk technology calling it the electric telescope with 18 lines of resolution.
That is where Russian Constantin Perskyi made the first known use of the word "television. Soon after , the momentum shifted from ideas and discussions to the physical development of television systems. Two major paths in the development of a television system were pursued by inventors.
Lee de Forest invents the Audion vacuum tube that proves essential to electronics. The Audion was the first tube with the ability to amplify signals. Boris Rosing combines Nipkow's disk and a cathode ray tube and builds the first working mechanical TV system. Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing suggest using cathode ray tubes to transmit images.
Independent of each other, they both develop electronic scanning methods of reproducing images. The iconoscope, which he called an electric eye, becomes the cornerstone for further television development. Zworkin later develops the kinescope for picture display aka the receiver. American Charles Jenkins and John Baird from Scotland each demonstrate the mechanical transmissions of images over wire circuits.
John Baird becomes the first person to transmit moving silhouette images using a mechanical system based on Nipkow's disk. Charles Jenkin built his Radiovisor and in and sold it as a kit for consumers to put together. Vladimir Zworykin patents a color television system.
John Baird operates a television system with 30 lines of resolution system running at five frames per second. Bell Telephone and the U. Department of Commerce conducted the first long-distance use of television that took place between Washington, D. Human genius has now destroyed the impediment of distance in this new respect, and in a manner hitherto unknown. Philo Farnsworth files for a patent on the first completely electronic television system, which he called the Image Dissector.
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates the first practical electronic system for both the transmission and reception of images using his new kinescope tube. John Baird opens the first TV studio; however, the image quality is poor. Charles Jenkins broadcasts the first TV commercial. About television sets are in use worldwide. Coaxial cable—a pure copper or copper-coated wire surrounded by insulation and aluminum covering—is introduced.
These cables were and are used to transmit television, telephone, and data signals. The first regular installation connected Minneapolis and Stevens Point, Wisconsin, in The original L1 coaxial cable system could carry telephone conversations or one television program. By the s, L5 systems could carry , calls or more than television programs. CBS begins its TV development. The BBC begins high-definition broadcasts in London. A Klystron is a high-frequency amplifier for generating microwaves.
It is considered the technology that makes UHF-TV possible because it gives the ability to generate the high power required in this spectrum. Invention: A new service How the experimental broadcasts to the Radiolympia exhibition helped shape the first television service. Opening Night Vision and sound were on, the station was ready to go on the air.
But were the magic rays of light ready? Programme Parade What would early 'lookers in' have seen when the switched on their television sets? Who was Cecil Madden? Cecil Madden joined the television service in , and brought to his new job a fascinating range of experience — both inside broadcasting and out. Would anyone be out there to watch it? On news programs, in particular, the temptation was to fill the screen with "talking heads," newscasters simply reading the news, as they might have for radio.
For shots of news events, the networks relied initially on the newsreel companies, whose work had been shown previously in movie studios.
The number of television sets in use rose from 6, in to some 12 million by No new invention entered American homes faster than black and white television sets; by half of all U.
Joseph R. McCarthy soon began to inveigh against what he claimed was Communist infiltration of the government. Broadcasting, too, felt the impact of this growing national witch-hunt.
Political beliefs suddenly became grounds for getting fired. Most of the producers, writers, and actors who were accused of having had left-wing leanings found themselves blacklisted, unable to get work. CBS even instituted a loyalty oath for its employees. Among the few individuals in television well positioned enough and brave enough to take a stand against McCarthyism was the distinguished former radio reporter Edward R.
In partnership with the news producer Fred Friendly, Murrow began See It Now , a television documentary series, in On Mar. Of McCarthy, Murrow observed, "His mistake has been to confuse dissent with disloyalty. Offered free time by CBS, McCarthy replied on April 6, calling Murrow "the leader and the cleverest of the jackal pack which is always found at the throat of anyone who dares to expose Communist traitors. In the U. Between and , television programming began to take some steps away from radio formats.
NBC television president Sylvester Weaver devised the "spectacular," a notable example of which was Peter Pan , starring Mary Martin, which attracted 60 million viewers. Weaver also developed the magazine-format programs Today , which made its debut in with Dave Garroway as host until , and The Tonight Show , which began in hosted by Steve Allen until The programming that dominated the two major networks in the mids borrowed heavily from another medium: theater.
Steel Hour This is often looked back on as the "Golden Age" of television. However, by only one of these series was still on the air. Viewers apparently preferred dramas or comedies that, while perhaps less literary, at least had the virtue of sustaining a familiar set of characters week after week. I Love Lucy , the hugely successful situation comedy starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, had been recorded on film since it debuted in lasting until It had many imitators.
The Honeymooners , starring Jackie Gleason, was first broadcast, also via film, in lasting until with the original cast.
The first videotape recorder was invented by Ampex in see video; video recording; video technology. Another format introduced in the mids was the big-money quiz show. Cowan, by that time president of CBS television, was forced to resign from the network amid revelations of widespread fixing of game shows see Van Doren, Charles. Television news first covered the presidential nominating conventions of the two major parties, events then still at the heart of America politics, in The term "anchorman" was used, probably for the first time, to describe Walter Cronkite's central role in CBS's convention coverage that year.
In succeeding decades these conventions would become so concerned with looking good on television that they would lose their spontaneity and eventually their news value.
The networks had begun producing their own news film. Increasingly, they began to compete with newspapers as the country's primary source of news see journalism.
The election of a young and vital president in , John F. Kennedy, seemed to provide evidence of how profoundly television would change politics. Commentators pointed to the first televised debate that fall between Kennedy, the Democratic candidate for president, and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, the Republican's nominee. A survey of those who listened to the debate on radio indicated that Nixon had won; however, those who watched on television, and were able to contrast Nixon's poor posture and poorly shaven face with Kennedy's poise and grace, were more likely to think Kennedy had won the debate.
Television's coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy on Nov. Most Americans joined in watching coverage of the shocking and tragic events, not as crowds in the streets, but from their own living rooms. By the end of the decade Cronkite had become not just a highly respected journalist but, according to public opinion surveys, "the most trusted man in America. While the overwhelming majority of television news reports on the Vietnam War were supportive of U.
Many believed it contributed to growing public dissatisfaction with the war. And some of the anger of those defending U. Marines on a "search and destroy" mission to a complex of hamlets called Cam Ne. The Marines faced no enemy resistance, yet they held cigarette lighters to the thatched roofs and proceeded to "waste" Cam Ne.
After much debate, Safer's filmed report on the incident was shown on CBS. Johnson, accusing the network of a lack of patriotism.
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