However, fossils contain few original molecules; instead, they embed "the pattern inherent in reproductive instances" [ Nimmer ]. Just how far we seem to be willing to stretch the concept of authenticity is illustrated by the case of a gemstone, for which it is difficult to describe the creation event; instead, we often talk of the event of its being mined.
How much a natural entity can differ from its prior existence without losing the "authentic" cachet is again a matter of social convention.
When a speaker strays beyond what his listener is accustomed to, he might be asked to explain why his use of "authentic" is appropriate. His answer is likely to include some description of the object's deterioration compared to a perfect conceptual object [ 25 ] and might add words about its estimated history.
We also sometimes talk of authentic pedigree animals [ 37 ]. We even use "authentic" in regard to human beings, as in, "He's an authentic Roman.
In other cases in which we might have used "authentic", we choose different words to express closely related notions.
For instance, in a criminal proceeding, a witness might be asked, "Is this the man that assaulted you in March ? In the same trial, the priestly confessor of the defendant might truthfully say, "This is not the same man as five years ago. He's seen the error of his ways, and reformed!
Using a popular idiom, we might inquire, "Is this the real McCoy" [ 1 ]? For signals and for material entities, we choose the following definition for authentic [ 38 ]. Here "copy" means either "later instance in a timeline" or "conforming to a specific conceptual object" [ 25 ]. Each transformation T k potentially adds, removes, or alters the information carried by its input signal. To preserve authenticity, the metadata accompanying the input in each transmission step Figure 1 and Figure 2 should be embedded in the corresponding output by including a description of the transformation in T k [ 39 ].
This is strictly necessary only for steps that alter the information content in a meaningful way [ 40 ]. These metadata should identify who is responsible for each T k choice and all other circumstances important to judgments of authenticity [ 41 ]. Suitable metadata schema are being discussed widely, e. Gladney describes trustworthy packaging for objects and metadata [ Gladney 3 ]. An object's accumulated metadata are the digital equivalent of a traditional audit trail for a physical archival holding.
Authenticity is one among several security properties that need attention. Today we use digital documents mostly for entertainment and efficiency. Many of these documents are copies that we discard, often because they represent hard copy versions. However, in business and other critical applications, we now occasionally depend on a digital document that may be the only copy readily found, and whose misuse might cause damage. Such applications are growing because they are faster, cheaper, and often more reliable than their paper-based counterparts [ 3 ].
This work was forced by our need for unambiguous language to describe a practical method for long-term digital preservation. Prior published attempts to define authentic for digital objects start with traditional language use, but are unsuccessful. We therefore started by thinking about investigations into the fundamentals of mathematics. Wittgenstein's assertion that language signs are symbols for otherwise hidden meanings [ Wittgenstein ] led us to regard Nimmer's pattern inherent in reproductive instances [ Nimmer ] to be a sound basis for every authenticity definition.
Unfortunately, this approach also required reasoning from relatively difficult and imprecise cases toward simpler cases and better known circumstances. That the issues for digital objects are simpler than for most other genres is today perhaps not usually recognized because of many centuries experience with artifacts and manuscripts, but little experience with virtual objects. We therefore dealt first with digital authenticity.
This provides a base from which extension to traditional definitions is possible. We also wondered why articles we cite, and literature that these articles cite, display uncertainty and confusion.
Some of these patterns perfectly represent the original information, and are therefore called authentic. Others are imperfect representations, for which we can describe the deviations from perfection. Depending on what kind of object is under discussion, and on human social conventions, we might still call such imperfect manifestations authentic.
Some readers might object to what seems insensitive mechanization of deep cultural distinctions. To do so would be to misunderstand both what we intend and also what we have accomplished. By handling precisely and objectively as much as can be handled objectively, we free ourselves to think carefully about the subjective values and opinions that might motivate such objections.
This article benefited from discussion with two dozen friends and colleagues about what they understood under the word "authentic". In contrast, people with a liberal arts or social sciences education seemed hesitant to manipulate a socially constructed concept; perhaps they saw doing so as improper tampering. It is, however, useful to divide "authentic" into objective and subjective parts.
Perhaps public conversation, possibly a debate, will result in a recognition that nothing is lost by addressing in operational terms those parts that are objective [ 44 ]. Inclusion of interpretations that depend on subjective values and opinions can restore the whole in a way that is both technically sound and socially appropriate.
The producers of provenance information might include more information, such as identification of or links to documents providing evidentiary context. Doing so is often prudent or customary. Particularly for an object that cannot be transmitted perfectly, the producer who hopes that the eventual consumer will judge what he receives to be authentic should consider including evidence in C y. As we consider authenticity of information carried by different media and different representations, we can be optimistic about the digital future, notwithstanding widespread concerns illustrated by:.
We can preserve forever the patterns they express, doing so in language that will never become obsolete. It is feasible to construct objects that carry evidence of their own authenticity [ Gladney 1 ]. These facts give digital records a promising role in archives of the future. The current article satisfies part of this call for action and, as far as we know, addresses the uncertainties expressed [ 42 ] in recent archives and digital libraries literature regarding a useful meaning for "digital object authenticity".
That "authentic" is used for many kinds of object suggests a single common meaning for authentic [ 36 ]. Digital object authenticity is, in fact, simpler than authenticity for other genres because only digital transmissions can be perfect.
For every other kind of transmission, the object received is to some extent changed from its comparison standard. Language that distinguishes intermediate objects in any information transmission Figure 1 and Figure 2 is our framework. The distinctions we make separate purely objective transmission steps from steps including information transformations that depend on subjective values and opinions.
If the parameters of a subjectively chosen transformation are documented, the nature of the transformation becomes an objective fact that is part of the item's provenance.
Consumers must judge evidence for authenticity, exercising judgment that depends on social conventions for the object genre being considered. What we have written does not pretend to comment on subjective factors beyond pointing out their occurrences.
Discussions of subjective factors will surely occur for digital objects more or less as they have occurred traditionally for other kinds of object. However, by handling precisely and objectively what can be handled objectively, we free ourselves to think carefully about the subjective values affecting decisions about the authenticity and trustworthiness of artifacts and signals.
We have elsewhere described a practical method for demonstrably authentic digital preservation [ Gladney 3 ]. The authors would be pleased to hear substantial disagreements and criticisms, and will attempt to answer any they receive.
We acknowledge with gratitude several score conversations with friends and professional colleagues. As they have for our other writings, John Swinden and Peter Lucas read drafts carefully and provided insightful comments. ISBN Cullen et al. Not yet published, but available by way of an e-mail request to the author.
Society for Information Science 25 4 , , Also in the Copyright Society Journal 46 2 , Okerson et al. True, real, false, and unreal. Related word authentically adverb. How can we be sure the signature is authentic? Officials questioned the authenticity of his claim. Examples of authentic. If removed and rebuilt, no longer would this be our 'truthful' modern intervention into the ' authentic ' existing condition.
From the Cambridge English Corpus. But the theatre can and has played many other, deeper, and more important roles in the quest for authentic democracy. Later they absorbed the surviving nomadic descendants of the authentic autochtons. It also reports on how the students appreciated access to a large number of authentic , relevant examples. First, students were able to read a full-length authentic text in the first semester.
Recently, for foreign, liberal commentators these marginal groups represent the authentic face of the nation, suffering urban decadence and state repression. In all this evidence there were no authentic political issues. Some of the reformed versions of certain chants were clearly based on differing 'originals', or even on quite different though equally ' authentic ' melodies. But first we must look for a few definitions, or, at least try to capture some of the qualities of authentic democracy.
This story is somewhat implausible and unlikely to be authentic. Take the most up-to-date computerized collection of authentic texts to produce realistic and useful examples. In addition, authentication using public key encryption limits message repudiation: if a message is confirmed as authentic , the sender cannot easily deny sending it.
Authentic artists are seen as talented, creative, and not overly concerned with short-term success, obtained by any means and at any cost. Would it be interesting, artistic, if all sincere, authentic feelings were honestly put on stage? There are those who advocate an ' authentic ' approach, painstakingly trying to use exactly the technology and performance practice of the original time. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web.
Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. I hope this article was able to shed insight into everything you needed to know about the characteristics of an authentic person. Skip to content Search for:. Home 11 Characteristics of an Authentic Person. Personal Growth. Facebook Twitter Pinterest. Next post 10 Ways to Simply Embrace the Journey.
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