The new calculations -- based on the NASA Goddard two-dimensional photochemical transport model -- show that a supernova within 26 light years from Earth could wipe out 47 percent of the ozone layer, allowing approximately twice the amount of cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface. Excessive UV radiation is harmful to both plants and animals, thus a doubling of UV levels would be a significant problem to life on Earth.
The gamma-ray irradiation would last to days. The ozone layer would then repair itself, but only to endure cosmic-ray bombardment shortly after, lasting at least 10 years.
Cosmic rays are electrically charged particles whose paths are influenced by magnetic fields, and the extent of such fields in the interstellar medium is not well understood. The calculations simultaneously point to the resilience of the ozone layer as well as its fragility in a violent Universe, said Dr. Claude Laird of the University of Kansas, who developed the gamma-ray and cosmic ray input code and performed the atmospheric model simulations.
Although the ozone layer should recover relatively rapidly once the particle influx tapers off -- within about one to two years, the Goddard models show -- even this short period of time is sufficient to cause significant and lasting damage to the biosphere. These results will appear in the Astrophysical Journal , March 10, vol.
Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Science News. ScienceDaily, 22 January Retrieved November 8, from www. At the end of their lives, cool, yellow stars are typically shrouded in hydrogen, which conceals the The light from the explosion's first hours showed The titanic eruption, known as a Gamma Ray Burst Print Email Share. Living Well. He is more exaggerated, and muscular.
He has black hair and appears to be in his mid-twenties or early thirties. The 'ab-spot' on the armor is also covered. There is no background history on Doomguy in Doom 3 ; apart from the fact that he had just recently arrived on Mars, and is the newest member of the Marine detachment sent on the planet, his past remains a mystery. It is established he is a corporal and was sent to replace one of the marines that had mysteriously disappeared.
When Dr. Betruger opens the gateway to Hell, he somehow manages to avoid being transformed into a zombie and ends up fighting through the UAC facility to survive.
This time, Doom 's plot is similar to that of the original Half-Life which itself shared similarities with the original Doom ; before the unexpected accident, the player can talk to several people, but most of them do not say much other than the fact they are busy and the UAC base is a frightening place.
However, there are several characters, such as Sergeant Kelly, who give the player some briefing regarding his mission, especially after the demons invade the UAC base.
Even on these "chatting" occasions, the player character is addressed simply as "marine" and remains silent. The Doom 3 Doomguy is portrayed as tough and fearless in the game's cut scenes; He generally just glares at the creatures he comes to witness, including several bizarre and disturbing psychic visions.
He does however show fear when he sees the towering Cyberdemon, just before the final battle of the game. His past is elaborated as similar to the character in the original Doom , only having been demoted after disobeying command to save some of his fellow marines.
He is a combat veteran among various of the wars raging on Earth for its remaining resources - including one between the United States and Russia. After arriving on Mars he finally resigns to his fate as a "glorified security guard. During the hellish invasion he is forced to take command of several of the surviving marines - stripped ranked aside.
Afterwards he battles the demons singlehandedly or with a few other marines - such as Maria, Andy Kim, or Jack Campbell. He is shown to be very compassionate to his fellow survivors, working to save the child Theo, and even working to save the damned in hell. After volunteering to enter hell to retrieve the soul cube, Campbell is shown as very impressed by him. During all of this, he and Maria start to feel romantic ties to each other.
During the end of Maelstrom his leg is blown off, and he is admired as the "man who saved Mars City. Doomguy from Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil. In Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil , the main character is different from Doomguy of Doom 3 even though he resembles him. This Doomguy is a Combat Engineer , and thus is trained to operate a remote manipulation device known as the Grabber. Like Doomguy in Doom 3 he has black hair, but wears blue armor, and appears to be somewhat older than his Doom 3 counterpart, based on his heavily-weathered facial features.
The game presents very little information on his background, only that he is part of a detachment of Space Marines under the command of Dr. While investigating the Martian ruins he finds and touches the Heart of Hell artifact simply called The Artifact, also known as the Blood Stone , which releases a wave of energy that disintegrates the rest of his squad and opens another portal to Hell underneath the UAC base.
In Resurrection of Evil , he appears to be more of an anti-hero in outlook, as he seems to enjoy using the Heart of Hell artifact, which ended up killing almost everyone at the base because of him. In the film adaptation, John "Reaper" Grimm is the son of UAC scientists who were killed in an accident during the early excavation of a Martian dig site. Reaper abandoned his scientific heritage and joined the military to forget about this personal tragedy, eventually becoming a member of the elite Rapid Response Tactical Squad.
Grimm, his commanding officer Sarge The Rock , and the other members of the RRTS are dispatched to the UAC Mars Facility to investigate the disappearance of several scientists, which ultimately pits them in a confrontation against humans who have mutated into the classic Doom "demons" after being injected with an artificially created "24th chromosome". Grimm's personality can be seen as rather angsty, as he is still dealing with his guilt over his parents' deaths and his concern for his sister, Dr.
However, like his computer-game counterparts, he has no problem killing multiple demons and even his own commanding officer, Sarge, after the latter begins to murder unmutated civilians in order to contain the outbreak and is infected himself in the process. Near the end of the film, Grimm is fatally wounded and injected with the 24th chromosome by his sister in order to save his life. As she explains, not everyone is made into a monster by the chromosome, and Grimm is instead granted superhuman strength, reflexes, and regenerative abilities.
These new abilities allow him to stride through the infested base with ease, single-handedly mowing down a small horde of demons; among those killed are many zombies, several imps, a Hell Knight, and a Pinky Demon all seen by the audience in the game's classic first person perspective.
After killing the now-mutating Sarge, Grimm leaves the base with his nearly-unconscious sister in his arms. The "doomed space marine" cameo in Duke Nukem 3D. Codex Gamicus Explore. Main Page All Pages.
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